Nigeria, as Africa’s most populous nation and largest economy, stands at a pivotal juncture in the 21st century. Its foreign policy priorities are not only crucial for its own development and security but also hold implications for regional stability and global affairs. Considering perspectives on the historical backdrop, current challenges, and evolving priorities amidst the dynamic context of the 21st century can offer valuable insights to inform Nigerian foreign policy decision-making.
Nigeria’s foreign policy has evolved significantly since gaining independence from British colonial rule in 1960. Initially, Nigeria tried to pursue a policy of non-alignment during the Cold War era, striving to maintain neutrality amid the ideological rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union. This stance allowed Nigeria to forge diplomatic relations with a diverse array of nations, contributing to its role as a leading voice in the Non-Aligned Movement.
However, the end of the Cold War ushered in a new era characterized by shifting geopolitical dynamics and emerging global challenges. Nigeria confronted internal strife, including ethno-religious conflicts and governance issues, which often overshadowed its external engagements. Moreover, economic constraints and domestic priorities constrained the country’s ability to assert its influence on the international stage effectively.
In the 21st century, Nigeria faces a myriad of challenges that shape its foreign policy agenda. Chief among these are security concerns, economic development, and regional integration. The persistent threat of terrorism, particularly from groups like Boko Haram in the northeast, underscores the imperative for Nigeria to cooperate with regional and international partners to combat extremism and promote stability.
Furthermore, Nigeria’s economic aspirations hinge on leveraging its abundant natural resources, diversifying its economy, and attracting foreign investment. This necessitates fostering favorable trade relations, enhancing diplomatic ties, and participating actively in global forums to advance its economic interests and attract investment.
Regional integration also features prominently in Nigeria’s foreign policy calculus. As a key member of regional blocs such as the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) and the African Union (AU), Nigeria seeks to promote peace, security, and development across the continent. However, achieving these objectives requires navigating complex regional dynamics, addressing interstate conflicts, and fostering cooperation among member states.
Against this backdrop, Nigeria’s foreign policy priorities in the 21st century are characterized by a blend of continuity and adaptation. While the principles of non-alignment and multilateralism remain foundational, Nigeria’s assertiveness in pursuing its national interests and projecting its influence on the global stage has been decreasingly.
One of the central pillars of Nigeria’s foreign policy is the promotion of peace and security, both domestically and regionally. The Nigerian government has been actively involved in peacekeeping efforts in conflict zones across Africa, demonstrating its commitment to regional stability and conflict resolution. Moreover, Nigeria has emerged as a key player in counterterrorism initiatives, collaborating with international partners to combat extremist groups and enhance security cooperation. However, the Boko Haram and other security phenomena have refused to go, which adversely affects domestic economic growth of sectors such as agriculture, trade and mining, and foreign direct investments, of course.
Economic diplomacy is another key priority for Nigeria in the 21st century. With a burgeoning population and vast natural resources, Nigeria seeks to harness its economic potential through trade liberalization, investment promotion, and infrastructure development. Leveraging its membership in organizations such as the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA), Nigeria aims to expand its market access, attract foreign direct investment, and foster sustainable economic growth. However, the liberal reforms recently introduced in the country has technically affected all sectors, especially the manufacturing sector and small and medium industries.
Furthermore, Nigeria is increasingly engaging with emerging powers such as China, India, and Brazil to diversify its diplomatic partnerships and access new opportunities for trade and investment. While traditional allies like the United States and European Union remain important, Nigeria recognizes the strategic significance of forging closer ties with dynamic economies in the Global South. Thus, its interest in joining the BRICS has been in the right direction.
In conclusion, Nigeria’s foreign policy priorities in the 21st century reflect a blend of continuity and adaptation, driven by evolving domestic imperatives and shifting global dynamics. From promoting peace and security to advancing economic development and fostering regional integration, Nigeria navigates a complex geopolitical landscape with strategic foresight and diplomatic agility.
As Africa’s most populous nation and largest economy, Nigeria’s foreign policy choices not only shape its own destiny but also have far-reaching implications for the continent and the world at large. Through proactive engagement, constructive diplomacy, and principled leadership, Nigeria seeks to realize its aspirations for prosperity, stability, and influence in the 21st century and beyond.
- Muhammad Reza Ajani Suleiman,
Department of Political Science and International Studies, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria.
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