Rethinking democracy and development in Nigeria

The intricate relationship between democracy and development in Nigeria necessitates a critical reassessment, particularly as the nation marks 64 years of independence and a quarter-century of democratic governance. Understanding the definitions and interdependencies of development and democracy is imperative.

This leads us to a pivotal question: which should come first—development or democracy? This dilemma resembles the age-old debate of the chicken and the egg. Can democracy flourish in the absence of development, or is true development unattainable without a robust democratic framework?

For the ordinary Nigerian, democracy and development should ideally translate into an improved quality of life—access to basic services, economic opportunities, and effective representation in governance.

However, the stark reality contrasts sharply with these ideals. Despite successive governments’ promises of liberal reforms aimed at addressing Nigeria’s developmental challenges, many citizens find themselves in increasingly dire circumstances. 

Historically, Nigerians were proud and hopeful, experiencing the benefits of economic participation and societal respect. Today, however, many struggle to meet even their most basic needs. An alarming trend has emerged, with an increasing number of Nigerians leaving the country to seek better opportunities, often relegated to low-wage labor in neighboring countries like Niger and Chad.

This migration reflects not just economic desperation but a profound loss of dignity and identity, as individuals who once contributed meaningfully to their communities are now forced into menial jobs abroad.

Nigeria’s experience over the past quarter-century serves as a case study in the retrogressive effects of democratic governance. While the country has conducted regular elections and witnessed peaceful transitions of power, the promise of democracy has largely gone unfulfilled. Instead of uplifting the populace, the democratic system has often exacerbated the very challenges it was adopted to address. 

Statistics provide a grim snapshot of the current situation. According to the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS), over 40% of Nigerians live in poverty, a significant increase from 27% in 2018. This staggering figure translates to more than 83 million people surviving on less than $1.90 a day. The pervasive poverty not only stifles economic growth but also fosters an environment conducive to crime, further deteriorating a security landscape overwhelmed by banditry, kidnapping, and insurgency.

The incapacity of Nigeria’s democratic leaders to manage the economy effectively is alarming. In stark contrast to the era of military rule under General Sani Abacha, who did not borrow a dollar during his five years in power while making substantial payments toward Nigeria’s external debt, contemporary leaders appear unable to harness the nation’s vast oil wealth for the betterment of the populace.

Today’s leaders grapple with declining oil prices, rampant mismanagement, corruption, and a troubling penchant for reckless borrowing, all contributing to the near collapse of the economy.

Moreover, successive governments have claimed that liberal reforms would serve as a panacea for Nigeria’s developmental woes. Yet, these reforms have often proven to be more detrimental than beneficial, exacerbating the plight of ordinary Nigerians.

Since the All Progressives Congress (APC) assumed power in 2015, the nation has witnessed a deepening of poverty and inequality, with policies benefiting a select few while neglecting the broader population. The lack of sustainable economic policies has left many Nigerians in a precarious position, struggling to meet their basic needs.

This inability to manage resources effectively is compounded by a failure to implement comprehensive policies addressing the root causes of poverty and inequality. Instead of focusing on sustainable economic growth, the government frequently resorts to short-term measures that fail to alleviate widespread suffering. Consequently, citizens are left to navigate an increasingly hostile economic climate, leading to rising desperation and, subsequently, crime and violence.

The education system in Nigeria has played a pivotal role in shaping citizens’ understanding of democracy and development. Poor educational delivery has resulted in widespread confusion regarding democratic rights and responsibilities.

For many, the notion of democracy has been reduced to the act of voting every four years, with little comprehension of the broader implications of civic engagement. This confusion explains why some citizens are willing to sell their votes for immediate gratification, often with lasting negative consequences.

The misunderstanding of democracy is further exacerbated by the perception that elected representatives are primarily tasked with distributing minimal palliative measures—often mere “peanuts”—rather than creating and implementing policies that lead to meaningful improvements in living standards. As Nigerian politicians engage in the politics of patronage, the concept of democracy as a mechanism for social and economic development fades into obscurity.

To effectively rethink democracy and development in Nigeria, it is crucial to empower civil society and foster active citizen engagement. Citizens must be educated about their rights and the responsibilities of their elected representatives. A well-informed populace is essential for holding leaders accountable and advocating for policies that genuinely address their needs.

However, civil society organizations face numerous challenges that can compromise their effectiveness. Political pressures, funding constraints, and even threats to their safety can hinder these organizations’ ability to engage the public fully. Some have been co-opted by political interests, diluting their messages and undermining their credibility. This erosion of trust leaves Nigerians disillusioned and skeptical of civil society’s capacity to advocate for meaningful change.

In redefining development within the Nigerian context, it is essential to adopt a more inclusive and sustainable approach. Development should not be measured solely by economic growth (GDP) but must also encompass improvements in health, education, infrastructure, and social justice. It should prioritize the needs of the most vulnerable and marginalized segments of society.

Furthermore, the government must focus on long-term strategies that encourage the diversification of the economy beyond oil. Investing in sectors such as agriculture, solid minerals, technology, and renewable energy can create jobs and stimulate economic growth. A holistic development strategy that incorporates education, healthcare, and social welfare will not only uplift the living standards of ordinary Nigerians but also lay a solid foundation for a more resilient democracy.

As Nigeria grapples with the intertwined challenges of democracy and development, a reevaluation of these concepts is essential. The relationship between democracy and development is not linear; rather, it is a complex interplay requiring deep understanding. Both must evolve together to create a prosperous future for Nigeria.

To stop the cycle of poverty, violence, and political disillusionment, Nigerian leaders must take decisive action to prioritize the welfare of Nigerans. Simultaneously, Nigerians must actively engage in the democratic process, holding leaders accountable and demanding the necessary changes to improve their lives. Through this collective effort, Nigeria can aspire to a more equitable and prosperous society, ultimately fulfilling the true promise of democracy and development.