Global carmakers are facing a reckoning as US, European and Japanese brands lose ground to Chinese rivals setting the pace not only in electric vehicles, but also in batteries, design and software.
The BBC visited factory floors in Beijing and Hefei on the sidelines of Auto China 2026 – the world’s largest car show – and found striking levels of automation and software development speed, leaving foreign brands that once dominated the Chinese market struggling to keep up.
“We have no chance against this,” Honda chief executive Toshihiro Mibe told Japanese media after visiting a highly automated factory in Shanghai.
Ford chief executive Jim Farley has also warned that Western carmakers, are “in a fight for our lives” as Chinese rivals expand globally.
“The biggest mistake that the developed world is making is believing that the transition is only about electric cars,” says Shanghai-based auto analyst Bill Russo. “It’s about who will lead the next generation of mobility technology.”
Smartphones on wheels
China’s dominance goes beyond the cars themselves.
It makes the most exports in more than 315 product categories, up from 163 in 2016, according to a report by Rhodium Group. Many of these are linked to electric vehicle (EV) supply chains, including batteries, components and manufacturing machinery.
The International Energy Agency estimates it is at least 30% cheaper to produce a small electric SUV in China than in more advanced economies, largely because of lower battery costs and elaborate supply chains.
That advantage was built through years of state support. Rhodium estimates China has channelled tens of billions of dollars into EV and battery manufacturing in recent years alone.
Those subsidies, heavily criticised in the EU and US for distorting markets, have helped companies expand rapidly and cut prices.
Competition inside China has also sped up innovation. Tech giants like Xiaomi, Huawei and Alibaba are now making EVs, bringing consumer technology into the car industry.
“They’re not racing the West anymore,” says Russo. “They’re racing each other.”
As cars increasingly rely on software, from driver assistance to entertainment systems, these companies are giving Chinese carmakers yet another edge.
The shift is most visible inside Xiaomi’s EV factory outside Beijing, where a car rolls off the production line roughly every 76 seconds.
Xiaomi only launched its first EV in 2024 but it is already one of China’s top-selling brands. Its strategy is to connect cars with phones, apps and smart-home devices to create a single system.
At Nio’s Hefei plant, parts of the production line are almost fully automated.
BYD has developed ultra-fast charging systems capable of adding 400km (249 miles) of range in around five minutes, close to the time it takes to refuel a car with petrol.
XPeng’s founder and CEO He Xiaopeng told the BBC the company is prioritising humanoid robots and flying cars alongside EVs.
“In the next decade, any car company will also be a robotics company,” he said.
Rethinking China
Foreign carmakers already rely on China to supply global markets. Tesla exports Shanghai-built Model 3s to Europe, while BMW’s Chinese-made electric Minis are also sold overseas.
But many have struggled inside China itself.
Foreign brands’ share of China’s car market has fallen from 64% in 2020 to 32% this year, according to consultancy Automobility.
The decline has hit earnings at General Motors (GM) and German manufacturers, which once relied heavily on China for profits.
Luxury brands are also under pressure. Huawei’s Maextro S800 luxury sedan has become China’s best-selling car above $100,000 (£74,145), outselling imports like Porsche Panamera and the BMW 7 series combined, which once dominated the Chinese market. (BBC)
